introduction | waste rock & tailings characteristics | tailings storage facilities | embankment design | surface water & stormwater | embankment zoning | acid drainage control | hydrogeology | subsurface drainage | processes of water movement | construction control & monitoring | long term management of the tailings storage facilities

Waste Disposal Area: Waste Rock and Tailings Characteristics.
The mining process generates two byproducts:
  • waste rock, which is rock that is non-mineralised, or mineralised rock which contains insufficient gold to process economically.
  • tailings, which is the slurry that remains once the gold and silver have been extracted from the crushed ore.

Waste Rock
The predominant rock type at the Waihi area is andesite, and it varies from a completely weathered material (i.e. soil) through to 'fresh' rock. Ignimbrite is also present and its composition also varies from completely weathered to 'fresh'. There are smaller quantities of alluvium and ashes (sands, silts and clays) that mantle the pit area. For more information see A Brief Geological History of the Martha Mine.

A special feature of the waste rock is that some of it contains sulphide and is capable of producing acid drainage when exposed to oxygen and water. This rock is referred to as potentially acid forming (PAF) rock. Waste rock without the potential to form acid drainage is referred to as non acid forming (NAF) waste rock. Special design and operational procedures are used to control acid drainage generation. As a contingency, provision is made to collect and treat any fluid that is generated.
left: Tailings are pumped as a slurry and deposited into Storage 2.

Tailings
Tailings are a slurry of around 30% solids and are deposited from the crest of the embankment via a series of spigots. Fresh tailings are deposited above water onto previously placed tailings.

The material is predominantly silt size, but also contains clay and sand sized particles. Immediately adjacent to the point of deposition into the pond the tailings contain a higher proportion of sand, because the sand particles settle out more quickly, while on the other side of the pond they contain a higher proportion of clay. Consequently, the physical characteristics of the tailings vary laterally across the pond, and this forms a tailings 'beach' adjacent to the crest.
The tailings have low permeability, and as they consolidate the permeability reduces to the extent that they are generally less permeable than the natural soils that underlie the embankment. The reducing permeability means that seepage from the tailings mass decreases significantly with time. Following consolidation, the permeability of the tailings reduces by more than a factor of 10 compared with its permeability after initial deposition, to become generally less than 10-9 metres per second. The permeability of the consolidated tailings is very low and is equivalent to that required for the liner of a modern landfill.

left: Tailings Storage Facility 2 showing the tailings beach and rehabilitated slopes of the waste rock embankment.
(May 2008)
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